Development of a chatbot for the investigation and treatment of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy
PDF (Portuguese)
PDF (Spanish)
PDF
EPUB (Portuguese)
EPUB (Spanish)
EPUB
HTML (Portuguese)
HTML (Spanish)
HTML

Keywords

Nursing
Pregnant woman
Toxoplasmosis
Conversational technology
Prenatal care

How to Cite

1.
Zamboni RC, Lima E de FA, Almeida MV de S, Reis APC dos, Nascimento MGB, Primo CC, et al. Development of a chatbot for the investigation and treatment of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. Online Braz J Nurs [Internet]. 2026 Jun. 26 [cited 2026 Jul. 6];25(1):e20266892. Available from: https://objnursing.uff.br/nursing/article/view/6892

Abstract

Objective: To describe the development and evaluation of a chatbot designed to guide nurses regarding the investigation and treatment of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy in prenatal care. Methods: An applied research study with a technological development approach, conducted in two stages: development of a chatbot and evaluation of the target audience’s experience. The study was carried out in a municipality in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, from August 2023 to July 2024. Results: The chatbot Toxobot was developed based on artificial intelligence and natural language processing. The tool consists of 16 screens organized in a logical sequence, structured to promote human-computer interaction and navigation guided by the information provided. Usability was evaluated by 15 nurses and was classified as excellent, with a total score of 80.6 points. Conclusion: The use of Toxobot enabled the dissemination of synthesized and appropriate information on the investigation and treatment of pregnant women with toxoplasmosis during prenatal care.

PDF (Portuguese)
PDF (Spanish)
PDF
EPUB (Portuguese)
EPUB (Spanish)
EPUB
HTML (Portuguese)
HTML (Spanish)
HTML

References

Rostami A, Riahi SM, Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Gamble HR, Fakhri Y, Shiadeh MN, et al. Acute Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(10):e0007807. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007807. PMID: 31609966

Lozano T da SP, Benitez A, Santos JC, Navarro IT, Nagata WB, Pinto M dos S, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Associated Risk Factors in Pregnant Women in Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil: A Multi-Level Analysis. Microorganisms. 2024;12(11):2183. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112183. PMID: 39597572

Salari N, Rahimi A, Zarei H, Abdolmaleki A, Rasoulpoor S, Shohaimi S, et al. Global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2025;25(1):90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-025-07182-2. PMID: 39885489

Silva HF, Silva JC, Ferreira JO, Cecim MMPM, Oliveira LB, Trindade EL. Complicações associadas a toxoplasmose gestacional - congênita: uma revisão integrativa. Res Soc Dev. 2024;13(8):e14813846674. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v13i8.46674

Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde; Secretaria de Atenção Especializada à Saúde. Nota Técnica Conjunta nº 220/2024-DGCI/SAPS/MS e DAHU/SAES/MS. Dispõe sobre a Rede Alyne, instituída pelas Portarias GM/MS nº 5.350 e nº 5.359, de 12 de setembro de 2024 [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2024 [citado 2025 Maio 25]. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/notas-tecnicas/2024/nota-tecnica-conjunta-no-220-2024-dgci-saps-ms-e-dahu-saes-ms.pdf

Ahmed M, Sood A, Gupta J. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;255:44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.10.003. PMID: 33075679

Inagaki AD de M, Souza IES, Araujo ACL, Abud ACF, Cardoso NP, Ribeiro CJN. Knowledge of toxoplasmosis among doctors and nurses who provide prenatal care. Cogitare Enferm. 2020;26:e70416. https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v26i0.70416

Azevedo RFL, Morrow D, Graumlich J, Willemsen-Dunlap A, Hasegawa-Johnson M, Huang TS, et al. Using conversational agents to explain medication instructions to older adults. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2018;2018:185-194. PMID: 30815056

Gabarron E, Larbi D, Denecke K, Årsand E. What Do We Know About the Use of Chatbots for Public Health?. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2020;270:796-800. https://doi.org/10.3233/shti200270. PMID: 32570492

Luo B, Lau RYK, Li C, Si YW. A critical review of state‐of‐the‐art chatbot designs and applications. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov. 2022;12(1):e1434. https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1434

Battineni G, Chintalapudi N, Amenta F. AI Chatbot Design during an Epidemic Like the Novel Coronavirus. Healthcare (Basel). 2020;8(2):154. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8020154. PMID: 32503298

Silva AB, Correia BR, Zaccaro KR, Campos JF, Souto JS, Adba YB, et al. Development of a chatbot prototype to assess arteriovenous fistula maturation. Acta Paul Enferm. 2023;36:eAPE012322. https://doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2023AO0123222

Ministério da Saúde (BR). Nota Técnica Nº 163/2018, 16 de agosto de 2018. Informa aos entes federados acerca da disponibilização dos medicamentos para o tratamento de Toxoplasmose Gestacional e solicitar informações relativas ao consumo desses medicamentos [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2018 [citado 2025 Fev 15]. Disponível em: https://www.saude.sc.gov.br/index.php/pt/servicos/comunidades-terapeuticas/documentos-relacionados/nota-tecnica-n-163-2018-cgafme-daf-sctie-ms/download

Ministério da Saúde (BR). Nota Técnica Nº 133/2022, de 13 de junho de 2023. Trata-se de informações que devem acompanhar a análise de dados das notificações de toxoplasmose adquirida na gestação e toxoplasmose congênita do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) nos canais de transparência ativa [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2022 [citado 2025 Jul 02]. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/notas-tecnicas/2022/nota-tecnica-no-133-2022-cgzv-dedt-svsa-ms.pdf/view

Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Nota Técnica nº 14/2020-COSMU/CGCIVI/DAPES/SAPS/MS: fluxograma da Diretriz Nacional para condução clínica do diagnóstico e tratamento da toxoplasmose gestacional e congênita [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2020 [citado 2025 Jul 25]. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/notas-tecnicas/2020/nota-tecnica-no-14-2020-cosmu-cgcivi-dapes-saps-ms.pdf

Brooke J. “SUS—A Quick and Dirty Usability Scale,”. In: Jordan PW, Thomas B, Weerdmeester BA, McClelland AL, editores. Usability Evaluation in Industry. London: Taylor and Francis; 1996

Lin CC, Huang AYQ, Yang SJH. A Review of AI-Driven Conversational Chatbots Implementation Methodologies and Challenges (1999–2022). Sustainability. 2023;15(5):4012. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054012

Tudor Car L, Dhinagaran DA, Kyaw BM, Kowatsch T, Joty S, Theng Y, et al. Conversational Agents in Health Care: Scoping Review and Conceptual Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(8):e17158. https://doi.org/10.2196/17158. PMID: 32763886

Bin Sawad A, Narayan B, Alnefaie A, Maqbool A, Mckie I, Smith J, et al. A Systematic Review on Healthcare Artificial Intelligent Conversational Agents for Chronic Conditions. Sensors (Basel). 2022;22(7):2625. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072625. PMID: 35408238

Santos Junior JB, Gomes J, Dias JS, Souza LNO, Zanotti ACN, Dias RP, et al. Uma proposta de chatbot para apoio a gestantes no contexto do sistema de saúde brasileiro. Rev Ibér Sist Tecnol Inf. [Internet]. 2021 [citado 2025 Jul 25];(E42):344-52. Disponível em: https://www.proquest.com/docview/2493869965

Mendonça V de M, Mendonça A de M, Maciel N de S, Matos M de F, Sousa IM, Oliveira AWN, et al. Desenvolvimento de chatbot para adolescentes sobre infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Enferm Foco. 2021;12(3):533-39. https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707x.2021.v12.n3.4284

Carvalho L, Albuquerque M, Nogueira R, Lochter J. Dra. Lara: assistente virtual de apoio e acompanhamento ao pré-natal. In: Miranda P, Costa C, Isaías P, Santoro FM, editores. Proceedings of the IADIS Ibero American on Applied Computing 2019 [Internet]. Lisboa: IADIS; 2019 [citado 2025 Jul 02]:5–6. Disponível em: https://www.iadisportal.org/digital-library/dra-lara-assistente-virtual-de-apoio-e-acompanhamento-ao-pr%C3%A9-natal

Mizuhira V, Domingues Wysocki A, Andrade RL de P, Brandão CC. Knowledge of primary healthcare professionals about gestational toxoplasmosis. Arq. Ciên. Saud. 2025;31(01):1-6. https://doi.org/10.17696/2318-3691.31.01.2025.229

Barros DMV, Guerreiro AM. Novos desafios da educação a distância: programação e uso de Chatbots. REP. 2019;26(2):410-431. https://doi.org/10.5335/rep.v26i2.8743

Grassini E, Buzzi M, Leporini B, Vozna A. A systematic review of chatbots in inclusive healthcare: insights from the last 5 years. Univ Access Inf Soc. 2025;24(1):195-203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-024-01118-x

Xue J, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Zheng C, Jiang J, et al. Evaluation of the Current State of Chatbots for Digital Health: Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e47217. https://doi.org/10.2196/47217. PMID: 38113097

Kim H. The Effects of Artificial Intelligence Chatbots on Women's Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel). 2024;12(5):534. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12050534. PMID: 3847064

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2026 Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing