Abstract
Objective: to analyze the concept of thrombosis and identify its applications, defining attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical references. Method: a concept analysis was carried out using Walker and Avant's framework. Results: the most cited defining attributes were thrombus, Virchow's triad, and total/partial impairment of blood flow. The most frequent antecedents were cancer/chemotherapy, thrombophilia, and diabetes. Several manifestations composed the consequences, according to the compromised vascular bed. The most cited were stroke or transient ischemic attack, acute myocardial infarction, and pulmonary thromboembolism. The empirical references were related to clinical examinations, coagulation tests, and risk scores. Computed tomography was the most cited imaging test. Conclusion: The analysis of the thrombosis concept showed the use of this term in the current literature, its defining attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical references. This study adds knowledge to nurses' clinical practice and can contribute to the refinement of standardized language systems.
References
Libby P, Buring JE, Badimon L, Hansson GK, Deanfield J, Bittencourt MS, et al. Atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5:56. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0106-z
O’Donnell M, Shatzel JJ, Olson SR, Daughety MM, Nguyen KP, Hum J, et al. Arterial thrombosis in unusual sites: a practical review. Eur J Haematol. 2018;101:728–736. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.13165
Alli NA, Vaughan J, Louw S, Schapkaitz E, Jacobson B. Thrombotic disorders (part 1). S Afr Med J. 2020;110:83–87. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2020.v110i2.14594
Raymundo SR, Lobo SM, Hussain KM, Hussein KG, Secches IT. What has changed in venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for hospitalized patients over recent decades: review article. J Vasc Bras. 2019;18:e20180021. https://doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.002118
Figueiredo FS, Rodrigues TF, Rêgo AS, Andrade L, Oliveira RR, Radovanovic CA. Distribution and spatial autocorrelation of the hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases in adults in Brazil. Rev Gaucha Enferm. 2020;41:e20190314. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2020.20190314
Pereira IA, Martins FM, Westphal G, Castilho MM, Junior NN. Multiprofessional programs for treating obesity with defined weight loss targets: a systematic literature review. Res Soc Dev. 2021;10:e24710111779. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11779
Chudowolska-Kiełkowska M, Małek ŁA. A nurse-led intervention to promote physical activity in sedentary older adults with cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized clinical trial (STEP-IT-UP study). Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2020;19:638–645. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515120920450
Silveira LC, Aliti G, Vellone E, Souza RH, Rabelo-Silva ER. Motivational interviewing to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients: randomized clinical trial. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:ehaa946.2763. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.2763
Zheng X, Yu H, Qiu X, Chair SY, Wong EM-L, Wang Q. The effects of a nurse-led lifestyle intervention program on cardiovascular risk, self-efficacy and health promoting behaviours among patients with metabolic syndrome: randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020;109:103638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103638
Silva JS, Lee J-A, Grisante DL, Lopes JL, Lopes CT. Nurses’ knowledge, risk assessment, and self-efficacy regarding venous thromboembolism. Acta Paul Enferm. 2020;33:eAPE20190125. https://doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2020AO0125
Lazure P, Munn J, Labbé S, Murray S, Butler R, Khair K et al. Education needs of nurses in thrombosis and hemostasis: an international, mixed-methods study. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2019;3:99–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12155
Adams A. Proactivity in VTE prevention: a concept analysis. Br J Nurs. 2015;24:20–25. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2015.24.1.20
Walker LO, Avant KC. Strategies for theory construction in nursing. 6th ed. Boston (MA): Pearson Prentice Hall; 2018.
Monteiro VM, Moorhead S, Almeida MA, Rabelo‐Silva ER. Adverse reactions to medications: concept analysis and development of a new risk nursing diagnosis. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2020;31:87–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/2047-3095.12237
Toronto CE, Remington R, editors. A step-by-step guide to conducting an integrative review [Internet]. Cham (Switzerland): Springer; 2020 [cited 2022 Feb 3]. Available from em: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-37504-1
Chen C, Yang F-Q, Zhang Q, Wang F-Q, Hu Y-J, Xia Z-N. Natural products for antithrombosis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/876426
Costa D, Benincasa G, Lucchese R, Infante T, Nicoletti GF, Napoli C. Effect of nitric oxide reduction on arterial thrombosis. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2019;53:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14017431.2019.1581943
Satoh K, Satoh T, Yaoita N, Shimokawa H. Recent advances in the understanding of thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.312003
King RJ, Ajjan RA. Vascular risk in obesity: facts, misconceptions and the unknown. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2017;14:2–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479164116675488
Lamont MC, McDermott C, Thomson AJ, Greer IA. United Kingdom recommendations for obstetric venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: evidence and rationale. Semin Perinatol. 2019;43:222–228. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2019.03.008
Okafor ON, Gorog DA. Endogenous fibrinolysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:1683–1699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.02.040
Huisman MV, Barco S, Cannegieter SC, Le Gal G, Konstantinides SV, Reitsma PH, et al. Pulmonary embolism. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18028. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2018.28
Beggs SA, Rørth R, Gardner RS, McMurray JJ. Anticoagulation therapy in heart failure and sinus rhythm: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2019;105:1325–1334. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314381
Poredoš P. Interrelationship between venous and arterial thrombosis. Int Angiol. 2017;36:295–298. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.17.03820-2
Lutz J, Jurk K. Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants in patients with chronic kidney disease - from pathophysiology to clinical practice. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23:1366–1376. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666161205112156
Trimaille A, Marchandot B, Park S-H, Schini-Kerth V, Morel O. The difficult balance between thrombosis and bleeding after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a translational review. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;113:263–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2019.12.003
Gallone G, Baldetti L, Pagnesi M, Latib A, Colombo A, Libby P, et al. Medical therapy for long-term prevention of atherothrombosis following an acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:2886–2903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.052
Mehta A, Danesh J, Kuruvilla D. Cerebral venous thrombosis headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23:47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-019-0786-9
Gorog DA, Fayad ZA, Fuster V. Arterial thrombus stability: does it matter and can we detect it? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:2036–2047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.065
Khan AA, Lip GY. The prothrombotic state in atrial fibrillation: pathophysiological and management implications. Cardiovasc Res. 2019;115:31–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvy272
Long B, Koyfman A. Oncologic emergencies: too much clotting—venous thromboembolism in malignancy. J Emerg Med. 2019;57:825–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.08.010
Zhang Z, Tang L, Hu Y. Progress in the research on venous thromboembolism. Curr Med Sci. 2017;37:811–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-017-1811-z
Spronk H, Padro T, Siland J, Prochaska J, Winters J, van der Wal A, et al. Atherothrombosis and thromboembolism: position paper from the second Maastricht consensus conference on thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 2018;118:229–250. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH17-07-0492
Kapłon-Cieślicka A, Budnik M, Gawałko M, Peller M, Gorczyca I, Michalska A et al. Atrial fibrillation type and renal dysfunction as important predictors of left atrial thrombus. Heart. 2019;105:1310–1315. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314492
Giordano NJ, Jansson PS, Young MN, Hagan KA, Kabrhel C. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, stratification, and natural history of pulmonary embolism. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2017;20:135–140. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tvir.2017.07.002
Libby P, Pasterkamp G, Crea F, Jang I-K. Reassessing the mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes: the “vulnerable plaque” and superficial erosion. Circ Res. 2019;124:150–160. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.311098
Fernandes CJ, Morinaga LT, Alves JL, Castro MA, Calderaro D, Jardim CV, et al. Cancer-associated thrombosis: the when, how and why. Eur Respir Rev. 2019;28:180119. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0119-2018
Nascimento CM, Machado AM, Guerra JC, Zlotnik E, Campêlo DH, Kauffman P, et al. Consensus on the investigation of thrombophilia in women and clinical management. Einstein (São Paulo). 2019;17:eAE4510. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2019AE4510
Azami G, Soh KL, Sazlina SG, Salmiah MS, Aazami S, Mozafari M, et al. Effect of a nurse-led diabetes self-management education program on glycosylated hemoglobin among adults with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2018;1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4930157
Parappilly BP, Field TS, Mortenson WB, Sakakibara BM, Eng JJ. Effectiveness of interventions involving nurses in secondary stroke prevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2018;17:728–736. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515118779732
Serpici A, Gürsoy A. Nurse-led patient training improves deep vein thrombosis knowledge and self-care practices. J Vasc Nurs [Internet]. 2018 [Cited 2021 Apr 12];36:53–63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2018.03.002
Rodrigues A, Arvins AF, Rebelo A, Dias C, Garrido A, Anjos S, et al. Nurse’s intervention in the prevention of deep venous thrombosis in the postoperative period: integrative review. RIIS. 2020;3:87–99. https://doi.org/10.37914/riis.v3i2.89
Schears GJ, Ferko N, Syed I, Arpino J-M, Alsbrooks K. Peripherally inserted central catheters inserted with current best practices have low deep vein thrombosis and central line-associated bloodstream infection risk compared with centrally inserted central catheters: a contemporary meta-analysis. J Vasc Access. 2021;22:9–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1129729820916113
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Array